THE RITE
Jerusalem is a city of three religions, The Wailing Wall is a sacred place for the Jews, a pilgrimage to Mecca is the obligation of every Muslim. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is visited by Christians, while Hindus have Varanasi- known as Benares it’s extremely interesting and one of the more unique places in India. The historic city populated by around 1,5 million people is located near the holy river Ganges (Ganga). Apart from a million pilgrims who come here every day to submerge themselves in the sin-cleansing waters, this place is also visited by thousands of tourists.
One of the main attractions for the sightseers is a cruise on the cult-related water along Ghats- extending to 5 kilometers of stairs leading to the river. At dawn on the Ghats, the lives of the inhabitants go on, who are practicing their everyday rituals in the fog covered Ganga from the early morning.
Some pray, washing their body and soul, mediating. Some are doing laundry or filling up water bottles to quench their thirst. No one is bothered by the cattle in the water next to them or the sight of people taking care of their physiological needs right into the mother- river.
The Hindus believe that the Ganges comes from heaven and leads to heaven, washing away all sin and preparing the soul for the final journey (moksha). When ashes of the deceased are scattered into the Ganga, their body will be free of samsara (reincarnation) and they will reach Nirvana- liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Hindus claim that it’s most effective to do this in Varanasi, the holy city located on the trident of the god Shiva. That’s why every believer wishes to have their body incinerated in Benares.
On the Ghats, burning ceremonies take place 24 hours a day throughout the whole year (Antyeshti/ Antim Sanskar). Over 300 bodies are subjected to cremation every day, wrapped in materials which come from the most distant parts of India. Corpses are appropriately anointed and prepared. The colour of the shroud determines the gender and age of the deceased. Fingers are tied by a piece of string. Hands and both thumbs are tied together on the chest as if they are doing the namaskar (a traditional greeting from India or a gesture of respect). The whole procedure must be performed without agitation or tears. Because of this women don’t take part in the rituals as anxiety and hysteria disturb the souls from departing.
The ceremony is led by a member of a unique Indian society the so-called Dom, apart from him the eldest mourner (usually the eldest son) watches over the ritual, who puts on white robes and shaves his head bald. First, the body is immersed in the Ganges to have a final taste of the holy water. Next, it is left to dry. At the same time, wooden pyres are being prepared-the size of the stacks and type of wood show the wealth and status of the deceased. After this, the corpse is placed on a heap of wood to be anointed and lubricated with clarified butter (ghee) and sprinkled with pieces of sandalwood. When the deceased is prepared the participants of the funeral gather around him. While Granthi (the person who has received the honorable function of reading from the holy book) recites Sikh Ardas, the body is set on fire by the oldest mourner. The sound of the cracking skull symbolizes the release of the soul. Sometimes an intervention is needed and to break the skull and other hard parts such as the pelvis, a rod is used. The ceremony of cremation ends after 3-4 hours when the remains are powdered and thrown into the arms of the goddess Ganga forever.
Small children, pregnant women, people who have been bitten by the holy cobra and saints are not subjected to cremation as their souls don’t need redemption. In many cases they are not traditionally buried, they are brought out to the middle of the Ganges and weighed down by stones they sink to the bottom. Families who can’t afford wood for cremation also throw the corpse into the river.
The last ritual of the day performed regularly in honour of the holy river is Ganga Aarti. Hundreds of people gather in Dasaswamedh Ghat at sunset to say their prayers and be witnesses to the ceremony of offering fire to the mother- Ganges.
The mouth of the Ganges is in the Himalayas and at 2700 km in length it flows into the Bay of Bengal. It is the source of food and water to over 400 million people apart from that it irrigates agricultural land and fertilises the soil. The level of oxygen in the water is several times higher than in other rivers. That is why it’s said that the river has amazing self-cleaning properties, the germs die in it three times faster than in other waters. In 1896, a British bacteriologist studied the antiseptic properties of the water. He found that cholera bacteria colonies died very fast in the waters of the Ganges.
Nevertheless, the level of pollution has exceeded all standards. In addition to dead animals, human remains, piles of garbage and manure, sewage is a problem. About 1000 wastewater treatment plants have been created along the Ganges. Furthermore, there are 400 active tanneries in Kanpur, from which toxic heavy-metal waste ends up in the holy water. This is extremely dangerous. Ganga in some places, especially in the dry season is not even suitable for bathing. The rapidly growing population, living standards, and industrialisation has left a major impact on the environment and water resources.
To organise a funeral for one person, a minimum of 300 kg of wood is needed, as a result, 50-60 million trees are cut out of the Himalayan forests per year! Although there are clean, more ecological crematoriums in Varanasi, they are closed. Nobody wants to give up the traditional ritual, a religious cult that kills precious forests and the goddess Ganges.